Research and development expenditure (% of GDP)


What is it?

Gross domestic spending on R&D is defined as the total expenditure (current and capital) on R&D carried out by all resident companies, research institutes, university and government laboratories, etc., in a country. It includes R&D funded from abroad, but excludes domestic funds for R&D performed outside the domestic economy. This indicator is measured in USD constant prices using 2010 base year and Purchasing Power Parities (PPPs) and as percentage of GDP

Source: OECD


The data

Country
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
Algeria
0.533
Argentina
0.561
0.566
0.635
0.618
0.593
0.614
0.533
Armenia
0.241
0.270
0.239
0.222
0.242
0.250
0.233
0.228
Australia
2.380
2.241
2.182
1.923
Austria
2.726
2.669
2.915
2.955
3.069
3.048
3.087
Azerbaijan
0.218
0.211
0.214
0.210
0.210
0.222
0.206
0.185
Bahrain
0.101
Belarus
0.669
0.678
0.646
0.652
0.505
0.500
0.501
0.587
Belgium
2.051
2.155
2.273
2.334
2.387
2.466
2.488
Bermuda
0.208
0.298
0.269
0.228
0.215
0.219
Bosnia and Herzegovina
0.265
0.321
0.257
0.219
0.216
0.200
Botswana
0.254
0.537
Brazil
1.160
1.140
1.127
1.196
1.270
1.343
1.266
Bulgaria
0.564
0.532
0.605
0.635
0.795
0.960
0.780
Burkina Faso
0.222
Burundi
0.138
0.121
Cabo Verde
0.073
Cambodia
0.118
Canada
1.830
1.791
1.777
1.710
1.718
1.649
1.604
1.530
Chad
0.322
Chile
0.329
0.351
0.362
0.389
0.375
0.381
0.362
China
1.710
1.775
1.906
1.990
2.021
2.056
2.108
China, Hong Kong SAR
0.749
0.721
0.727
0.730
0.740
0.762
0.791
0.800
China, Macao SAR
0.050
0.044
0.048
0.051
0.087
0.136
0.234
0.172
Colombia
0.195
0.206
0.235
0.272
0.308
0.292
0.270
0.244
Costa Rica
0.485
0.468
0.556
0.556
0.572
0.486
0.458
Croatia
0.743
0.751
0.750
0.811
0.783
0.842
0.846
Cuba
0.608
0.272
0.407
0.475
0.416
0.429
0.349
Cyprus
0.447
0.456
0.438
0.482
0.508
0.481
0.502
Czechia
1.337
1.556
1.782
1.900
1.973
1.929
1.678
Denmark
2.917
2.945
2.981
2.970
2.914
2.957
2.871
Ecuador
0.403
0.340
0.332
0.380
0.443
Egypt
0.433
0.532
0.509
0.639
0.636
0.719
0.708
0.606
El Salvador
0.078
0.036
0.034
0.064
0.094
0.145
0.147
Estonia
1.582
2.307
2.123
1.722
1.451
1.488
1.281
Eswatini
0.270
Ethiopia
0.241
0.605
Finland
3.726
3.639
3.419
3.287
3.169
2.896
2.746
France
2.179
2.192
2.227
2.237
2.276
2.267
2.248
Gambia
0.133
Georgia
0.084
0.185
0.320
0.301
Germany
2.714
2.796
2.868
2.821
2.873
2.917
2.939
Ghana
0.377
Greece
0.598
0.672
0.700
0.811
0.833
0.966
1.007
Guatemala
0.044
0.048
0.045
0.039
0.029
0.030
Honduras
0.015
Hungary
1.139
1.189
1.264
1.389
1.353
1.365
1.206
Iceland
2.483
1.755
1.999
2.170
2.075
India
0.822
0.831
0.620
Indonesia
0.085
Iran (Islamic Republic of)
0.264
0.317
0.253
Iraq
0.037
0.035
0.037
0.037
0.036
0.044
Ireland
1.593
1.550
1.571
1.580
1.526
1.196
1.177
Israel
3.942
4.013
4.161
4.152
4.200
4.269
4.251
Italy
1.223
1.210
1.271
1.308
1.343
1.341
1.286
Japan
3.137
3.245
3.209
3.315
3.400
3.278
3.141
Jordan
0.332
Kazakhstan
0.153
0.153
0.165
0.171
0.167
0.170
0.142
Kenya
0.786
Korea, Republic of
3.466
3.744
4.026
4.149
4.289
4.217
4.227
Kuwait
0.101
0.099
0.097
0.302
0.427
0.097
0.079
0.081
Kyrgyz Republic
0.155
0.156
0.166
0.149
0.125
0.119
0.111
0.109
Latvia
0.611
0.697
0.664
0.612
0.689
0.626
0.443
Lesotho
0.048
Lithuania
0.783
0.904
0.895
0.951
1.030
1.041
0.847
Luxembourg
1.503
1.463
1.273
1.303
1.260
1.271
1.244
Madagascar
0.113
0.106
0.016
0.015
0.015
Malaysia
1.036
1.033
1.093
1.263
1.301
Mali
0.584
0.315
0.293
Malta
0.607
0.673
0.826
0.773
0.715
0.750
0.597
Mauritius
0.178
Mexico
0.533
0.511
0.487
0.499
0.530
0.524
0.487
Mongolia
0.244
0.231
0.239
0.232
0.223
0.155
0.183
0.134
Montenegro
0.315
0.374
0.363
0.374
Morocco
0.715
Mozambique
0.423
0.338
Namibia
0.142
0.340
Nepal
0.302
Netherlands
1.725
1.903
1.939
1.953
2.001
2.004
2.032
New Zealand
1.231
1.154
1.263
Nicaragua
0.083
0.104
0.103
0.089
0.109
North Macedonia
0.216
0.223
0.327
0.439
0.516
0.445
0.433
0.353
Norway
1.649
1.625
1.619
1.650
1.712
1.931
2.032
Oman
0.136
0.208
0.169
0.213
0.250
0.255
0.222
Pakistan
0.329
0.293
0.246
Panama
0.145
0.173
0.075
0.062
Papua New Guinea
0.033
Paraguay
0.057
0.088
0.103
0.128
0.154
Peru
0.083
0.055
0.082
0.108
0.117
0.120
0.121
Philippines
0.117
0.138
Poland
0.721
0.746
0.881
0.871
0.940
1.004
0.965
Portugal
1.533
1.457
1.378
1.326
1.290
1.243
1.266
Qatar
0.479
0.510
Republic of Moldova
0.440
0.405
0.417
0.354
0.371
0.368
0.329
0.302
Romania
0.456
0.496
0.483
0.387
0.383
0.488
0.482
Russian Federation
1.130
1.013
1.027
1.025
1.070
1.097
1.096
Saudi Arabia
0.884
0.898
0.877
0.815
Senegal
0.541
0.752
Serbia
0.744
0.724
0.907
0.727
0.770
0.865
0.891
0.930
Seychelles
0.222
Singapore
2.013
2.146
1.994
1.986
2.160
Slovakia
0.616
0.663
0.805
0.824
0.880
1.175
0.790
Slovenia
2.058
2.424
2.573
2.580
2.367
2.197
2.002
South Africa
0.737
0.735
0.734
0.725
0.771
0.798
Spain
1.350
1.325
1.288
1.269
1.235
1.220
1.185
Sri Lanka
0.137
0.101
0.100
0.109
State of Palestine
0.393
0.492
Sweden
3.216
3.249
3.281
3.306
3.146
3.265
3.255
Switzerland
3.187
3.374
Syrian Arab Republic
0.012
Tajikistan
0.089
0.121
0.114
0.118
0.115
0.109
0.107
0.116
Thailand
0.361
0.442
0.480
0.616
0.781
Togo
0.253
0.224
0.272
Trinidad and Tobago
0.048
0.040
0.044
0.058
0.083
0.089
0.092
Tunisia
0.690
0.709
0.682
0.671
0.655
0.630
0.600
Turkey
0.799
0.800
0.832
0.818
0.861
0.882
Uganda
0.476
0.170
Ukraine
0.833
0.738
0.752
0.762
0.650
0.615
0.484
0.449
United Arab Emirates
0.486
0.694
0.895
0.964
United Kingdom
1.669
1.675
1.603
1.648
1.666
1.674
1.688
United Republic of Tanzania
0.380
0.529
United States of America
2.740
2.770
2.689
2.725
2.734
2.740
2.744
Uruguay
0.341
0.349
0.328
0.321
0.336
0.364
0.408
Uzbekistan
0.195
0.195
0.202
0.197
0.196
0.213
0.221
0.189
Venezuela (Bolivarian Rep. of)
0.188
0.153
0.250
0.319
0.337
0.241
0.119
Vietnam
0.190
0.374
0.441

Source: World Bank



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