General government borrowing and lending by country from 2010 to 2018 (percent of GDP)


What is it?

Net lending and borrowing are calculated as revenue less total expenditure and the result will show that general government is either (a) putting financial resources at the disposal of other sectors in the economy and non-residents (net lending), or (b) using the resources generated by other sectors and non-residents (net borrowing). This gives an indication of the financial impact of general government activity on the rest of the economy and non-residents.


The data

Country
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
Afghanistan
0.922
-0.672
0.182
-0.631
-1.719
-1.378
0.118
-0.628
0.869
Albania
-3.520
-3.516
-3.441
-5.207
-5.469
-4.063
-1.761
-1.392
-1.743
Algeria
-0.038
-0.104
-4.435
-0.400
-7.300
-15.267
-13.044
-6.641
-5.186
Angola
3.395
8.081
4.131
-0.304
-5.720
-2.917
-4.520
-6.313
2.404
Antigua and Barbuda
-0.276
-3.484
-1.098
-4.255
-2.812
-2.557
-0.143
-1.450
-3.540
Argentina
-1.442
-2.745
-3.017
-3.253
-4.251
-6.000
-6.591
-6.696
-5.154
Armenia
-4.979
-2.876
-1.495
-1.593
-1.943
-4.837
-5.632
-4.782
-1.802
Aruba
-3.579
-6.651
-9.242
-6.396
-7.861
-1.625
-1.640
-2.963
-1.937
Australia
-5.092
-4.437
-3.455
-2.816
-2.921
-2.799
-2.559
-1.490
-1.222
Austria
-4.453
-2.577
-2.189
-1.950
-2.729
-1.046
-1.578
-0.700
-0.194
Azerbaijan
13.831
10.860
3.705
1.643
2.742
-4.814
-1.126
-1.381
3.993
Bahamas
-3.349
-3.654
-4.314
-5.094
-4.416
-3.766
-2.627
-5.506
-3.335
Bahrain
-5.834
-1.482
-5.509
-9.723
-1.569
-18.399
-17.552
-14.234
-11.723
Bangladesh
-2.675
-3.589
-2.978
-3.381
-3.077
-3.975
-3.361
-3.340
-4.109
Barbados
-9.679
-5.294
-8.001
-10.240
-7.493
-9.082
-5.335
-4.265
-0.154
Belarus
-4.187
-2.806
0.360
-0.982
0.092
-2.964
-1.659
-0.337
2.337
Belgium
-4.001
-4.194
-4.235
-3.130
-3.099
-2.452
-2.430
-0.882
-0.784
Belize
-2.434
-1.362
-1.381
-0.721
-2.151
-6.283
-5.916
-5.586
-1.073
Benin
-0.377
-1.341
-0.295
-1.866
-2.256
-7.624
-5.910
-5.760
-4.670
Bhutan
1.648
-2.122
-1.143
-4.186
3.820
1.508
-1.114
-3.314
-0.974
Bolivia
1.753
0.883
1.797
0.675
-3.403
-6.974
-7.264
-7.767
-7.677
Bosnia and Herzegovina
-4.061
-2.730
-2.685
-1.804
-2.872
-0.197
0.346
1.805
2.385
Botswana
-7.848
-0.114
0.855
5.583
3.696
-4.559
0.681
-1.049
-3.086
Brazil
-2.729
-2.467
-2.519
-2.955
-5.354
-10.226
-8.996
-7.894
-6.836
Brunei Darussalam
7.612
25.632
15.786
13.025
3.576
-14.523
-21.680
-10.617
-8.439
Bulgaria
-3.775
-1.842
-0.437
-1.760
-3.669
-2.806
1.560
0.837
0.127
Burkina Faso
-4.564
-2.294
-3.109
-3.990
-1.954
-2.372
-3.630
-7.895
-4.749
Burundi
-3.637
-3.491
-3.794
-1.811
-3.634
-5.311
-6.195
-7.778
-8.611
Côte d'Ivoire
-1.848
-3.994
-3.147
-2.241
-2.168
-2.823
-4.003
-4.507
-3.952
Cabo Verde
-10.524
-7.652
-10.285
-9.308
-7.612
-4.555
-3.035
-3.092
-2.696
Cambodia
-3.795
-4.695
-4.525
-2.616
-1.643
-1.315
-1.384
-1.064
-1.999
Cameroon
-0.980
-2.355
-1.446
-3.705
-4.171
-4.422
-6.092
-4.873
-2.745
Canada
-4.738
-3.309
-2.525
-1.495
0.175
-0.062
-0.417
-0.311
-0.432
Central African Republic
-1.452
-2.373
-0.002
-6.536
-4.313
-0.630
1.560
-1.136
0.700
Chad
-4.152
2.391
0.473
-2.065
-4.182
-4.380
-1.957
-0.085
1.362
Chile
-0.361
1.422
0.681
-0.470
-1.490
-2.077
-2.651
-2.615
-1.523
China
-0.360
-0.098
-0.301
-0.832
-0.908
-2.786
-3.704
-3.900
-4.807
China, Hong Kong SAR
4.136
3.770
3.143
1.008
3.592
0.595
4.386
5.481
2.020
China, Macao SAR
19.487
24.762
24.069
26.978
23.966
13.722
11.351
13.228
14.102
Colombia
-3.308
-1.996
0.081
-0.856
-1.765
-3.401
-2.444
-2.614
-2.196
Comoros
7.018
1.441
3.333
17.802
-0.552
4.313
-7.414
0.640
-1.787
Congo
16.597
16.974
9.375
-3.649
-13.638
-24.753
-20.410
-7.459
5.386
Costa Rica
-5.265
-4.178
-4.533
-5.573
-5.897
-5.646
-5.281
-6.210
-6.032
Croatia
-6.171
-7.824
-5.305
-5.258
-5.346
-3.341
-0.753
0.902
0.360
Cyprus
-4.723
-5.686
-5.552
-5.131
-0.232
-0.343
0.320
1.753
2.948
Czechia
-4.190
-2.724
-3.930
-1.248
-2.099
-0.608
0.727
1.549
1.460
Dem. Rep. of the Congo
-0.904
-0.946
1.967
1.952
0.111
-0.247
-0.964
-1.493
-0.465
Denmark
-2.710
-2.056
-3.490
-1.236
1.144
-1.330
-0.073
1.175
-0.083
Djibouti
-1.467
-1.664
-2.868
-5.963
-9.590
-21.695
-11.452
-6.142
-4.443
Dominica
-3.383
-4.402
-5.359
-2.833
-4.596
11.885
14.311
0.275
-15.906
Dominican Republic
-2.729
-3.050
-6.560
-3.472
-2.938
-0.193
-2.785
-3.179
-2.950
Ecuador
-1.357
-0.127
-0.937
-4.570
-5.224
-6.119
-8.232
-4.533
-0.949
Egypt
-7.447
-9.600
-10.005
-12.927
-11.286
-10.934
-12.470
-10.429
-9.465
El Salvador
-5.143
-4.673
-4.389
-4.064
-3.733
-3.514
-2.925
-2.397
-2.530
Equatorial Guinea
-4.533
0.835
-7.239
-4.403
-7.541
-15.084
-10.868
-2.566
2.773
Eritrea
-16.943
-16.051
-15.696
-15.541
-14.757
-14.755
-14.750
-14.478
-13.220
Estonia
0.187
1.158
-0.257
-0.170
0.668
0.069
-0.282
-0.280
0.234
Eswatini
-9.066
-3.777
3.333
0.562
-1.461
-5.742
-10.805
-6.545
-10.083
Ethiopia
-1.321
-1.607
-1.172
-1.931
-2.582
-1.947
-2.340
-3.290
-3.026
Fiji
-2.828
-3.019
-2.004
-0.623
-4.313
-4.041
-1.396
-2.073
-4.357
Finland
-2.610
-1.044
-2.183
-2.614
-3.211
-2.758
-1.725
-0.660
-0.981
France
-6.886
-5.155
-4.979
-4.081
-3.903
-3.625
-3.410
-2.683
-2.599
Gabon
2.699
1.743
6.204
-3.069
5.980
-1.117
-4.710
-1.699
1.464
Gambia
-2.771
-3.040
-2.807
-5.594
-3.844
-5.314
-6.508
-5.393
-6.600
Georgia
-4.780
-0.866
-0.757
-1.355
-1.936
-1.265
-1.600
-0.522
-0.880
Germany
-4.221
-0.957
-0.034
-0.140
0.568
0.782
0.910
1.038
1.713
Ghana
-7.520
-5.494
-8.380
-9.069
-7.975
-4.077
-6.887
-4.061
-7.007
Greece
-11.197
-10.279
-6.556
-3.622
-3.962
-2.773
0.595
1.021
0.422
Grenada
-3.615
-5.175
-5.882
-7.250
-4.664
-1.194
2.302
3.011
4.719
Guatemala
-3.290
-2.792
-2.393
-2.129
-1.893
-1.436
-1.085
-1.312
-1.747
Guinea
-9.650
-0.936
-2.510
-3.874
-3.207
-6.892
-0.146
-2.047
-2.042
Guinea-Bissau
-0.249
-1.424
-2.252
-1.775
-2.621
-3.476
-5.640
-1.438
-5.098
Guyana
-2.732
-3.022
-4.639
-3.250
-5.433
-1.193
-4.275
-4.380
-5.361
Haiti
-2.737
-2.513
-4.757
-7.167
-6.370
-2.587
-0.057
-0.531
-2.321
Honduras
-3.371
-2.943
-3.483
-5.730
-2.897
-0.781
-0.397
-0.408
0.341
Hungary
-4.474
-5.414
-2.399
-2.620
-2.599
-1.903
-1.647
-2.210
-2.296
Iceland
-9.455
-5.407
-3.609
-1.776
-0.072
-0.792
12.429
0.530
1.078
India
-8.626
-8.349
-7.550
-7.000
-7.071
-7.203
-7.132
-7.015
-6.683
Indonesia
-1.242
-0.703
-1.586
-2.217
-2.146
-2.604
-2.486
-2.510
-1.752
Iran (Islamic Republic of)
2.647
0.607
-0.322
-0.898
-1.140
-1.763
-2.268
-1.817
-3.879
Iraq
-4.179
4.744
4.094
-6.062
-5.631
-12.823
-14.272
-1.634
6.240
Ireland
-32.027
-12.785
-8.059
-6.135
-3.612
-1.913
-0.537
-0.248
0.039
Israel
-3.653
-2.981
-4.399
-4.049
-2.433
-1.039
-1.368
-0.951
-2.246
Italy
-4.211
-3.678
-2.918
-2.922
-3.042
-2.611
-2.524
-2.409
-2.144
Jamaica
-6.333
-6.403
-4.077
0.119
-0.496
-0.289
-0.194
0.452
0.200
Japan
-9.534
-9.441
-8.613
-7.911
-5.636
-3.807
-3.694
-3.168
-3.207
Jordan
-8.024
-10.000
-14.448
-10.182
-8.596
-8.538
-3.720
-3.667
-4.792
Kazakhstan
1.470
5.811
4.431
4.946
2.482
-6.256
-5.347
-4.356
0.538
Kenya
-4.411
-4.117
-5.032
-5.696
-7.390
-8.089
-8.291
-7.774
-7.276
Kiribati
-7.191
-19.542
-6.349
12.576
44.943
48.991
3.460
11.745
-19.802
Korea, Republic of
1.533
1.691
1.558
0.650
0.418
0.553
1.745
2.321
2.754
Kuwait
25.962
33.281
32.428
34.114
22.364
5.593
0.309
6.585
11.362
Kyrgyz Republic
-5.947
-4.705
-5.862
-3.699
-3.410
-2.721
-6.424
-4.591
-1.311
Lao People's Dem. Rep.
-2.797
-1.503
-0.438
-4.809
-3.930
-2.310
-4.614
-5.581
-4.574
Latvia
-6.480
-3.187
0.175
-0.560
-1.682
-1.536
-0.400
-0.820
-0.730
Lebanon
-7.471
-5.923
-8.394
-8.826
-6.191
-9.115
-9.431
-8.595
-10.987
Lesotho
-3.834
-8.890
4.549
-1.723
3.148
-1.002
-6.345
-3.085
-4.932
Liberia
1.146
-4.318
-2.809
-5.958
-3.116
-4.400
-3.740
-5.129
-5.567
Libya
12.534
-17.237
28.556
-5.108
-73.801
-130.960
-113.325
-42.961
-7.397
Lithuania
-6.901
-8.943
-3.147
-2.621
-0.665
-0.207
0.259
0.450
0.942
Luxembourg
-0.658
0.513
0.345
0.976
1.316
1.331
1.631
1.381
2.602
Madagascar
-0.869
-2.386
-2.612
-3.988
-2.300
-3.326
-1.318
-2.417
-2.187
Malawi
1.831
-4.124
-1.768
-6.427
-4.843
-6.335
-7.284
-7.328
-5.067
Malaysia
-4.380
-3.618
-3.147
-3.528
-2.666
-2.586
-2.642
-2.437
-3.629
Maldives
-13.451
-6.811
-6.549
-4.337
-7.086
-6.789
-8.736
-2.707
-5.252
Mali
-2.568
-3.417
-0.956
-2.372
-2.886
-1.822
-3.947
-2.860
-4.744
Malta
-2.393
-2.410
-3.486
-2.426
-1.747
-1.081
0.932
3.478
0.870
Marshall Islands
3.361
2.094
-0.738
-0.224
3.210
2.847
3.954
4.501
1.270
Mauritania
-0.585
0.006
2.298
-0.830
-4.498
-3.418
-0.518
-0.043
1.578
Mauritius
-3.107
-3.129
-1.809
-3.443
-3.198
-3.575
-3.464
-2.443
-2.362
Mexico
-3.975
-3.336
-3.726
-3.707
-4.537
-4.000
-2.767
-1.063
-2.326
Micronesia (Federated States of)
0.457
-0.576
0.888
2.873
11.174
10.391
7.274
14.602
23.787
Mongolia
0.425
-4.014
-9.090
-8.892
-11.278
-8.530
-16.977
-1.884
-3.372
Montenegro
-4.869
-6.734
-5.843
-4.491
-0.698
-5.997
-6.178
-6.915
-6.204
Morocco
-4.256
-6.575
-7.177
-5.088
-4.848
-4.171
-4.483
-3.493
-3.721
Mozambique
-3.825
-4.827
-3.873
-2.743
-10.719
-7.179
-6.316
-3.369
-5.268
Myanmar
-4.777
-4.430
-2.651
-1.717
-1.315
-2.783
-3.472
-2.612
-2.633
Namibia
-4.870
-6.772
-2.990
-4.344
-6.136
-7.869
-8.704
-4.806
-5.878
Nauru
0.089
2.464
7.887
1.488
24.979
8.909
19.261
19.031
24.133
Nepal
-0.766
-0.818
-1.342
1.810
1.531
0.657
1.352
-3.131
-6.524
Netherlands
-5.246
-4.427
-3.918
-2.929
-2.152
-2.025
0.021
1.153
1.063
New Zealand
-5.487
-5.001
-2.295
-1.392
-0.529
0.217
0.888
1.147
0.350
Nicaragua
0.105
0.151
-0.104
-0.655
-1.221
-1.395
-1.601
-1.632
-4.290
Niger
-2.413
-1.479
-1.118
-2.559
-8.047
-9.009
-6.071
-5.657
-4.911
Nigeria
-4.224
0.378
0.244
-2.328
-2.122
-3.509
-3.953
-5.409
-4.523
North Macedonia
-2.411
-2.474
-3.798
-3.837
-4.195
-3.475
-2.698
-2.740
-1.756
Norway
10.994
13.430
13.831
10.773
8.748
6.059
4.010
5.052
7.457
Oman
5.634
9.387
4.647
4.678
-1.080
-15.943
-21.160
-12.908
-7.695
Pakistan
-6.013
-6.730
-8.631
-8.369
-4.852
-5.254
-4.416
-5.752
-6.464
Palau
-0.981
1.299
1.007
0.743
3.570
4.923
3.507
4.842
4.255
Panama
-1.713
-1.864
-1.406
-2.227
-3.127
-2.267
-1.819
-1.864
-1.978
Papua New Guinea
3.062
2.215
-1.190
-6.870
-6.306
-4.824
-5.178
-2.741
-2.920
Paraguay
0.532
1.448
-1.208
-1.066
-0.553
-1.816
-0.397
-0.847
-1.194
Peru
0.122
2.014
2.051
0.735
-0.228
-2.123
-2.253
-2.935
-2.130
Philippines
-2.353
-0.318
-0.304
0.196
0.864
0.613
-0.369
-0.361
-0.987
Poland
-7.342
-4.827
-3.712
-4.113
-3.683
-2.701
-2.236
-1.406
-0.559
Portugal
-11.171
-7.383
-5.659
-4.842
-7.119
-4.301
-1.970
-2.961
-0.698
Qatar
6.779
7.323
10.522
21.560
14.343
4.515
-5.375
-2.938
5.258
Republic of Moldova
-2.178
-2.050
-1.931
-1.565
-1.585
-1.943
-1.758
-0.807
-1.048
Romania
-6.365
-4.262
-2.488
-2.482
-1.719
-1.379
-2.392
-2.830
-2.892
Russian Federation
-3.196
1.433
0.383
-1.164
-1.071
-3.386
-3.653
-1.465
2.821
Rwanda
-0.677
-0.912
-2.491
-1.302
-4.028
-2.762
-2.329
-2.547
-2.607
Saint Kitts and Nevis
-6.455
1.631
4.454
11.258
8.853
6.140
3.980
0.533
8.437
Saint Lucia
-4.379
-5.845
-8.406
-5.369
-3.441
-2.573
-1.471
-1.783
-3.129
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
-3.908
-3.692
-1.907
-6.169
-2.989
-2.094
1.130
-0.467
-1.992
Samoa
-5.842
-5.279
-7.191
-3.826
-5.347
-3.868
-0.414
-1.055
0.067
San Marino
-2.238
-4.049
-7.079
-7.741
1.064
-3.324
-0.185
-3.629
-2.734
Sao Tome and Principe
-11.711
-12.518
-11.215
1.896
-5.307
-6.306
-4.155
-2.569
-2.093
Saudi Arabia
4.392
11.554
11.933
5.639
-3.542
-15.838
-17.203
-9.236
-4.635
Senegal
-3.911
-4.900
-4.146
-4.325
-3.896
-3.682
-3.281
-2.950
-3.394
Serbia
-3.485
-3.905
-6.360
-4.993
-5.853
-3.382
-1.121
1.372
0.686
Seychelles
0.521
3.428
2.890
0.368
3.668
1.864
0.205
0.353
0.473
Sierra Leone
-5.002
-4.541
-5.158
-2.390
-3.605
-4.548
-8.460
-8.736
-6.771
Singapore
6.032
8.606
7.792
6.552
5.362
3.549
4.251
5.778
3.973
Slovakia
-7.485
-4.277
-4.345
-2.720
-2.702
-2.561
-2.222
-0.777
-0.838
Slovenia
-5.237
-5.499
-3.135
-13.764
-5.770
-3.316
-1.736
-0.695
1.146
Solomon Islands
6.253
8.409
3.660
4.138
2.099
-0.006
-3.909
-3.836
-3.649
South Africa
-5.026
-4.077
-4.426
-4.268
-4.263
-4.775
-4.068
-4.378
-4.440
South Sudan
4.612
-14.810
-3.470
-9.242
-20.321
-21.986
3.859
-1.040
Spain
-9.381
-9.642
-10.468
-6.989
-5.968
-5.272
-4.469
-3.078
-2.680
Sri Lanka
-6.954
-6.236
-5.599
-5.185
-6.231
-7.013
-5.378
-5.508
-5.301
Sudan
0.111
-2.327
-7.367
-5.759
-4.717
-3.822
-4.405
-6.566
-8.527
Suriname
-2.550
-1.969
-4.407
-6.979
-8.595
-9.441
-8.112
-8.016
-7.410
Sweden
-0.032
-0.202
-0.965
-1.367
-1.552
0.159
1.112
1.497
0.821
Switzerland
0.356
0.735
0.382
-0.429
-0.214
0.644
0.400
0.365
0.330
Syrian Arab Republic
-7.790
Taiwan
-5.077
-4.024
-4.310
-3.244
-2.731
-1.779
-2.198
-1.977
-1.916
Tajikistan
-2.979
-2.142
0.590
-0.901
-0.126
-1.972
-9.032
-5.965
-4.766
Thailand
-1.284
-0.006
-0.947
0.516
-0.801
0.132
0.570
-0.947
-0.252
Timor-Leste
-4.365
-4.656
-6.730
-3.549
-13.425
-17.004
-35.069
-18.670
-17.328
Togo
-2.300
-6.266
-6.478
-5.199
-6.847
-8.828
-9.505
-0.277
-3.089
Tonga
-3.654
-3.701
-1.405
2.649
1.744
-1.527
1.716
2.596
0.675
Trinidad and Tobago
0.136
-0.689
-1.327
-2.840
-4.626
-7.886
-12.232
-11.345
-5.541
Tunisia
-0.479
-3.354
-5.145
-7.426
-3.857
-5.303
-6.227
-5.883
-4.557
Turkey
-3.424
-0.687
-1.831
-1.469
-1.430
-1.265
-2.328
-2.341
-3.628
Turkmenistan
2.007
3.646
7.530
1.530
0.887
-0.698
-2.380
-2.837
0.584
Tuvalu
-23.923
-9.019
9.896
28.986
-6.053
15.124
7.197
-3.506
6.364
Uganda
-5.672
-2.661
-3.002
-4.012
-4.678
-4.661
-4.844
-3.804
-4.802
Ukraine
-5.772
-2.762
-4.307
-4.784
-4.460
-1.160
-2.229
-2.191
-2.255
United Arab Emirates
0.551
5.316
9.006
8.395
1.911
-3.363
-2.018
-1.630
-1.773
United Kingdom
-9.276
-7.473
-7.547
-5.339
-5.345
-4.196
-2.898
-1.849
-1.423
United Republic of Tanzania
-4.768
-3.564
-4.060
-3.810
-2.911
-3.169
-2.083
-1.157
-1.798
United States of America
-10.615
-9.317
-7.649
-4.086
-3.654
-3.168
-3.911
-3.846
-4.260
Uruguay
-1.068
-0.904
-2.701
-2.323
-3.464
-3.576
-3.844
-3.503
-2.702
Uzbekistan
3.241
7.284
7.900
3.533
3.224
1.402
1.930
2.130
3.107
Vanuatu
-2.515
-2.131
-1.626
-0.232
-5.054
-9.565
-6.115
-6.407
2.881
Venezuela (Bolivarian Rep. of)
-4.739
-8.244
-10.447
-11.265
-15.553
-10.652
-10.834
-23.010
-29.945
Vietnam
-2.756
-1.147
-6.857
-7.444
-6.290
-5.480
-4.658
-4.840
-4.613
Yemen
-4.058
-4.507
-6.315
-6.897
-4.136
-8.712
-8.375
-4.841
-4.380
Zambia
-2.432
-1.783
-2.832
-6.151
-5.705
-9.338
-5.801
-7.713
-6.489
Zimbabwe
0.164
-2.527
0.022
-1.324
-1.111
-1.805
-6.539
-8.379
-3.766

Source: World Economic Outlook Database, April 2019



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